First, if humans have free will and can choose to be moral or immoral, then a person’s actions can’t merely be the result of chemical reactions in his brain. If they were, then no one could freely choose a course of action any more than a rock at the mercy of gravity and friction can choose which way to roll down a hill. Just as we don’t hold landslides or tigers morally responsible for the harm they cause, equally, physical humans would also lack moral responsibility. But humans are morally responsible for their actions (or, we rightly say that human acts can be good or evil), which means human actions are not purely the result of physical processes.
However, a critic could say that moral reasoning and other distinctly human behaviors like rational thought emerge from the right mixture of physical molecules, just as the Mona Lisa emerges from the right mixture of paint colors. Tigers and lightning don’t have this mixture but humans do, which is why humans have distinct features like consciousness, the capacity for abstract thought, and moral awareness. An immaterial “soul” then becomes unnecessary to explain these uniquely human behaviors.
The problem with this argument is that uniquely human behaviors aren’t only unexplained from a materialist perspective, they are inexplicable from that viewpoint, as no physical explanation can ever account for these behaviors. Consider, for example, the difference between an image and a concept. A dog may see a cat, but he never sees the concept “cat” and so he doesn’t understand it. Likewise, primates may see an object as a useful tool, but they can’t apprehend the concept “tool” and so they don’t produce tools for others to use. Tools only exist as these creatures come across them and not as ideas in the mind that can be fashioned out of what exists (vi).
Humans, on the other hand, can both know abstract concepts and communicate them to others through language. This is important because abstract concepts only exist in an immaterial way. They are real, but they cannot be discovered through sensory or other material means. Humans must, therefore, possess an immaterial way of coming to know these real entities—what we call an immaterial soul. Because the soul is immaterial it has no parts, and if death involves the reduction of a thing to its component parts, then this means that the soul cannot die and so survives the death of the body.
Even atheistic philosophers understand the problem inherent in a physical brain thinking about things that lie beyond the brain’s immediate interactions. For example, if our brains were just lumps of matter, then how could anything about frozen Antarctica be inside my brain cells, which have never been there? When my brain is thinking “about” Antarctica, you can examine it with all kinds of instruments, but nothing from the frozen continent will be visible. The atheistic philosopher Alex Rosenberg wrote:
Consciousness is just another physical process. So, it has as much trouble producing aboutness as any other physical process . . . it’s got to be an illusion, since nothing physical can be about anything . . . the clumps of matter that constitute your conscious thoughts can’t be about stuff either.
As a result, Rosenberg rejects the idea that our “selves” really exist and argues that our consciousness, or internal mental life, is just an illusion. But if our self really is “real,” then we have good evidence that our mind is not the same thing as our physical brain. We can know that an immaterial principle of being, or the soul, organizes our physical body and gives rise to our rational abilities (vii).
Finally, we have evidence that death is not the end of our existence, because someone has come back from the dead to testify that this isn’t the case—Jesus Christ. As St. Paul wrote, “If the dead are not raised, then Christ has not been raised. If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile and you are still in your sins . . . But in fact Christ has been raised from the dead, the first fruits of those who have fallen asleep” (1 Corinthians 15:16, 17, 20).
*TAKEN FROM - 20 ANSWERS: DEATH & JUDGEMENT*
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